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China's education arrangements during COVID-19 pandemic period

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China’s education arrangements during COVID-19 pandemic period

(Information as of 20 May 2020)
 
According to the World Health Organisation, school closures due to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) have affected over 1.5 billion children and young people around the world. [1] This includes 270 million students in mainland China who were unable to start their spring semester (February – August 2020) on campus as planned. [2]
 
To minimize the impact on education continuity, the Chinese Government introduced various measures applicable in the COVID-19 context.  These are outlined below.
 

Limiting face to face teaching

 
In late January 2020, mainland China postponed all educational activities and the Chinese Ministry of Education (MoE) urged schools and higher education institutions to use online delivery as an alternative to face-to-face teaching. Of significance, this marks the first time online delivery has been permitted, at great scale, as part of formal education delivery in China.
 
In response to the call, the majority of provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in mainland China pushed back the spring semester start date and transitioned to teaching classes online.
 
From April 2020, on-campus teaching began to gradually re-open for school students, starting with graduating classes in high schools (Years 9 and 12, as well as graduating classes of secondary vocational schools).[3] By 11 May, all mainland provinces/municipalities and autonomous regions had recommenced on-campus teaching for senior high schools and 26 permitted students back on campus in higher education institutions –  meaning around 107.79 million students (~39% of China’s student population from kindergarten, primary and secondary school and higher education institutions) had returned to campus. [4]
 
Students physically attending class on-campus are required to have their temperature taken throughout the day, wear protective masks except when outdoors or in low-risk environments and eat separately from each other.[5]  In some cities such as Guangzhou and Shenyang, all Years 9 and 12 students, staff and faculty were asked to take the COVID-19 nucleic acid test before returning to campus. [6] It is understood nucleic acid testing has also been adopted by some individual institutions, especially higher education institutions, as a preventive measure.
 
  
Due to higher health risks, several cities had to postpone their school re-commencement plan until further notice. Education authorities in some cities that have been harder hit with COVID-19, such as Jilin[7] and Shulan[8] in Jilin Province, have recalled students that had already started on-campus learning to home-based online learning until further notice. Some universities have announced that face-to-face teaching would not resume for the entire semester. Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University – a Sino Foreign joint venture between Xi’an Jiaotong University and University of Liverpool - announced that all of its undergraduate and postgraduate students would continue to study online and not return to campus for the entire second semester.[9]
 
On 31 March, it was announced that China’s National College Entrance Exam (Gaokao), which usually takes place in June every year, would be postponed by one month to July 2020[10]. This is the first time that Gaokao has been postponed nationwide since it was resumed in 1977. Furthermore, all TOEFL, GRE and IELTS[11] tests in Mainland China were cancelled for February until end of May 2020 due to the pandemic, which has disrupted many students’ overseas study plans.[12]
 

Assisting with the transition to online and distance delivery modes

 
To support education institutions’ transition to online learning, the MoE issued on 4 February 2020 the “Guidance on the organisation and management of online teaching and learning in regular higher education institutions”.[13] The document requested higher education institutions to use online platforms to facilitate remote study and recommended 22 online platforms in China capable of providing 24,000 higher education courses for free (see appendix A for list of platforms).
 
These materials include MOOCs (massive open online courses), SPOCs (Small Private Online Courses) and virtual simulation experiments covering 12 disciplines at undergraduate level and 18 disciplines at higher vocational level.[14] The majority of platforms listed by the MoE are established by top Chinese universities or enterprises.  More than half of China’s higher education institutions commenced the spring semester online using existing online content and live-streamed classes.[15]
 
At school level, the MoE, together with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), launched an online portal on 17 February 2020 for primary and secondary school students in China.[16] The platform provides digital materials for schools to conduct teaching online and is capable of supporting 50 million students using it simultaneously. As of 11 May 2020, the platform had been visited over 2 billion times by people from all 31 mainland provinces.[17] However, students and institutions have raised issues (such as technical limitations), especially in rural areas which may lack reliable internet connectivity and where many students/families are unable to afford the necessary equipment to access online content.
 
The MIIT issued a notice on 3 March announcing plans to strengthen broadband coverage during the pandemic outbreak period to support online studies.[18] Furthermore, on 16 March, the MoE released a guideline pledging to better apply information technology in primary and secondary schools to ensure universal access to quality education.[19] Some provinces have also subsidized students to gain access to online studies. Liaoning Province, for example, has paid a total of 7 million RMB (1.4 million AUD) to around 20,000 students from higher education institutions in the province to buy equipment or pay for internet access. [20]
 
On 13 March, UNESCO published a list of recommended applications, platforms and resources to help people around the world cope with school closures. Three platforms and apps developed by Chinese institutions and enterprises were included – iCourse, Dingtalk and Mosoteach. [21] On 10 April, the MoE announced that China would consolidate English language materials provided by universities in China and launch an English language online education platform, to support students around the world.[22]


Supporting students abroad

 
One of the main concerns for Chinese students studying overseas during the COVID-19 pandemic is that their foreign qualification, obtained partially online during this period may not be verified by the Chinese Service Center for Scholarly Exchange (CSCSE) – an affiliated agency to the MoE that conducts official verification of foreign (overseas) academic qualifications. This concern is understandably shared by providers around the globe who wish to ensure that their offerings to Chinese students continue to meet the needs and requirements of Chinese students and regulators.
 
On 3 April 2020, the CSCSE announced that foreign qualifications obtained partially online due to an inability to attend campus during the COVID-19 pandemic period should not influence verification of foreign qualifications.[23] This is the first time that the CSCSE has given an exception to qualifications obtained through online studies.
 
There are around 1.6 million Chinese students currently enrolled in educational courses overseas, and as of early April 2020, 1.4 million remained outside of China. According to the MoE, students are mainly located in the following countries:
 
United States of America – 410,000
Australia and New Zealand – 280,000
Canada – 230,000
United Kingdom – 220,000
Japan and Korea – 180,000
Germany and France – 110,000
 
The MoE has been working with other Chinese government ministries and agencies to support Chinese students overseas by maintaining communication through the 280 Chinese Embassies and Consulates around the world. The Chinese Government has also been distributing “COVID-19 health packages” to Chinese students abroad. As of 2 April, 500,000 “health packages” had been prepared, containing equipment such as masks, disinfectant wipes, Chinese medicine and an information pamphlet. [24]
 
On 26 March, the Civil Aviation Administration of China announced a substantial reduction of international passenger flights (both Chinese and foreign airlines were allowed to maintain one route from China to any country with no more than one flight per week)[25], and Chinese citizens were left with limited options to fly back to China. Media reports suggest that between 4 March and 12 April 2020, the Chinese Government had sent 16 charter flights overseas to pick up its citizens from countries that were hard hit by COVID-19. The flights brought back to China a reported 1,449 Chinese students studying abroad.[26] More flights were also reported to have been organised in May to bring back Chinese citizens from countries such as the USA and UK, with seats mainly reserved for younger students and students who have graduated.  
 
The CSCSE cancelled the 25th China International Education Exhibition Tour (CIEET) – one of the largest annual international student recruitment events in China, which was supposed to take place from 21-29 March 2020. However, the CSCSE has confirmed that CIEET 2021 will be held 20-28 March 2021 as planned.[27]
 

Supporting employment

 
Around 8.7 million students are expected to graduate from Chinese higher education institutions in 2020, up by 400,000 from 2019. With the pandemic forcing colleges and universities to delay entrance in the first quarter, students are facing uncertainty as to whether they can graduate on time and secure employment in the current economic circumstances.
 
On 28 February, a press conference was held by the MoE and Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. It was announced that the government would initiate four action plans to help graduates overcome their difficulties: [28]
 
  1. Maximise employment opportunities through plans such as increasing employment quotas[29] in basic education, health and community service. The MoE also encouraged graduates to join the army.
  2. Expand pathways for further education including by increasing admissions for Masters degrees by around 189,000 places in disciplines such as clinical medicine, public health, integrated circuits and artificial intelligence. The admissions quota for college students to enter university was to also increase by about 322,000 places in disciplines such as preventative medicine, emergency management, aged care service management and e-commerce. [30]
  3. Explore more channels for employment. The government is undertaking to arrange various online recruitment events for students.  It has negotiated with 5 major employment portals (51 jobs, Zhaopin, Boss Zhipin and Liepin) to offer free services to higher education graduates via a Campus Recruitment Service Campaign (www.ncss.cn).  More than 2 million positions were released through the service campaign after one week of the portal being launched. The MoE also launched a 24 hour employment service hotline for graduates on 28 February 2020.[31]
  4. Asking teachers and professors to provide tailored guidance and support to students on employment.
 
For students that are set to graduate this year, many universities are encouraging students to conduct their thesis defense online so that they can graduate in mid-2020 as planned. Wuhan University has officially announced that all of its 2020 undergraduate graduating class will conduct their thesis defense online.[32]
 
On 15 April 2020, the MoE announced a “One-on-one Employment and Entrepreneurship Support Action Plan” for the period of April to September 2020. The action plan will allow top higher education institutions in China (outside of Hubei) to share recruitment resources such as employment/internship opportunities and support services with higher education institutions in Hubei. The action plan will operate as a partnership model with the first phase involving 48 partnerships.[33] (see full list in appendix B)
 
Besides supporting graduates to find employment, it is understood the Chinese Government is also looking to expand online vocational training to upskill the workforce, especially for those that are unemployed. On 6 February, the Chinese Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, MIIT and All-China Federation of Trade Unions announced a large-scale online vocational training program for the COVID-19 pandemic period, which aims to provide free skills training to over 5 million people between March and June 2020. [34]  A total of 54 platforms were made free to the public. By late April, one of the main platforms offering the training – “China Vocational Training Online” – had been registered by over 1 million people. [35]


Looking forward

 
The COVID-19 situation appears to be stabilizing in China and schools are gradually opening up to students after an extended winter/spring break. The next challenge for Chinese schools and institutions is to ensure campus safety and monitor the health of all students, faculty and staff as they return to face-to-face learning.
 
Students in China and across the world have gained extensive experience in online studies for the past few months. It will be interesting to see whether some of the functions of teaching and learning online will be maintained and further developed in the post COVID-19 world.
 
For further enquiries, please contact the Education and Research Section of the Australian Embassy in Beijing.

Appendix A

List of 22 online education platforms recommended by the MoE in the high-level document “Guidance on the organisation and management of online teaching and learning in regular higher education institutions” (4 Feb 2020)

Code
Platform
Host organisation
Target audience
(during COVID-19 period)
1
iCourse
Higher Education Press
Youdao
All Chinese HEI teachers and students, as well as the public
2
XuetangX
Tsinghua University
All Chinese HEI teachers and students
3
Zhihuishu
Shanghai Zhuoyue Ruixin Digital Technology Co., Ltd
HEI teachers and staff
4
Xueyin online
Open University of China,

Beijing Century Superstar Information Technology Development Co.,Ltd
Regular undergraduate institutions and higher vocational institutions
5
Erya Mooc
Beijing Chaoxing Erya Education Technology Co.,Ltd
Regular HEIs, primary and secondary schools and learners from the society
6
PMPHMOOC
People’s Medical Publishing House
Chinese medical HEIs and learners from the society that are interested in medical studies
7
UOOC
Shenzhen University
Non-central government affiliated HEIs
8
CNMOOC
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Chinese HEIs
9
Rong You Xue Tang
Renmin University of China
Chinese HEI teachers and students
10
Chinese MOOC
Peking University
Chinese HEI teachers and students, and learners from the society
11
UMOOCs
Beijing Foreign Studies University
Chinese HEI teachers and students, and foreign language learners from the society
12
Gaoxiaobang
Huike Group
Chinese HEI teachers and students, and learners from the society
13
Ulearning
Beijing Ulearning Online Education Technology Co., Ltd.
Chinese undergraduate level institutions and vocational institutions
14
MOOC.people.cn
People.cn
Chinese HEI teachers and students, and learners from the society
15
ICVE
Higher Education Press
Chinese higher vocational institution teachers and students
16
Chinaacc
China Distance Education Holdings Ltd., CDEL
Chinese HEIs; Academic office, teachers and students of technical secondary schools 
17
Netinnet
Xiamen Netinnet Software Co.,Ltd
Chinese HEIs; Academic office, teachers and students of technical secondary schools 
18
ZJOOC
Zhejiang Radio and TV University
Zhejiang based HEI teachers and students; HEI teachers and students from other provinces and learners from the society
19
Anhui Provincial Online Course Learning Center Platform
Department of Education of Anhui Province

University of Science and Technology of China
Anhui based HEIs, students, teachers
20
CQOOC
Chongqing Municipal Education Commission
Chongqing based HEIs students and learners from the society
21
Sharing Platform for National Virtual Simulation Experiment Teaching Projects
Higher Education Press
Chinese HEI students, medical workers and learners from the society
22
EduCoder
Hunan Zhiqing Technology Co.,Ltd (unofficial translation)

Directed by: Chinese Higher Education Computing Education MOOC Association, Information technology New Engineering Industry-University-Research Alliance (unofficial translations)
Undergraduate institutions and higher vocational institutions

Appendix B 

List of higher education institutions selected for the first phase of “One-on-one Employment and Entrepreneurship Support Action Plan” (15 April)

Code
Hubei based institutions
Supporting partner
1
Wuhan University
Peking University
2
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Tsinghua University
3
Central China Normal University
Beijing Normal University
4
Wuhan University of Technology
Renmin University of China
5
China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
Beijing Institute of Technology
6
Zhongnan University of Economics and Law
Central University of Finance and Economics
7
Huazhong Agricultural University
Zhejiang University
8
South Central University for Nationalities
Fudan University
9
Hubei University
Sun Yat-sen University
10
Wuhan University of Science and Technology
South China University of Technology
 
11
China Three Gorges University
Chongqing University
12
Yangtze University
Tongji University
13
jianghan University
Southwest University
 
14
Hubei University of Technology
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
15
Wuhan Institute of Technology 
China University of Petroleum
 (Beijing)
16
Wuhan Textile University
Donghua University
17
Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
18
Wuhan Polytechnic University
Central South University
19
Hubei Normal University
Northeast Normal University
20
Hubei University of Automotive Technology
Beihang University 
 
21
Hubei University for Nationalities
Minzu University of China
22
Hubei University of Medicine
China Pharmaceutical University
23
Hubei University of Economics
Shanghai University of Finance and Economics
24
Wuhan Sports University
Beijing Sports University
25
Hubei Institute of Fine Arts 
Central Academy of Fine Arts 
26
Wuhan Conservatory Of Music
Shanghai Conservatory of Music
27
Hubei University of Arts and Science
East China Normal University
28
Hubei Engineering University
Tianjin University
29
Hubei University of Science and Technology
University of Science and Technology 
30
Huanggang Normal University
Hunan Normal University
31
Hubei Polytechnic University
Dalian University of Technology
32
Hubei University of Education
South China Normal University
33
Jingchu University of Technology
 
East China University of Science and Technology
 
34
Wuhan Business University
Southwestern University of Finance and Economics
35
Hanjiang Normal University
Zhejiang Normal University
36
Wuhan University of Bioengineering
China Agricultural University
37
Wuhan Huaxia University of Technology
Jiangnan University
38
Wuhan University of Science and Technology Urban College
Chang'an University
 
39
Wuhan Institute of Shipbuilding Technology
Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College
40
Hubei Polytechnic Institute
Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic
41
Huanggang Polytechnic College
Jinhua Polytechnic
42
Xiangyang Polytechnic
Ningbo Polytechnic West Campus 
43
Enshi Vocational and Technical College
Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College
 
44
Jingzhou Institute of Technology
Wenzhou Polytechnic
45
Hubei Vocational and Technical Institute of Communications
Beijing Polytechnic College
46
Hubei Three Gorges Vocational and Technical College
Chengdu Polytechnic
47
Xianning Vocational Technical College
Wuxi Institute of Technology
48
Wuhan City Polytechnic
Shenzhen Polytechnic


[1] “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 77.” World Health Organization, 6 Apr. 2020, www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200406-sitrep-77-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=21d1e632_2.
[2] People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, “中国教育概况1—2018年全国教育事业发展情况” (China Education Overview – 2018 National Education Development), 29 September 2019, http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/s5990/201909/t20190929_401639.html
[3] Year 9 students in China are the graduating class of junior high school. They are required to sit the “Academic Test for Junior High School Students” (Zhongkao) in order to enter senior high school. This is a highly competitive process, much like the National College Entrance Exam (Gaokao).

[4] People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education Official Wechat account “全国超1亿学生已返校,校园疫情防控如何做?教育部这场发布会详解 (More than 100 million students across the country have returned to campus, how will schools conduct disease control and prevention? The Ministry of Education holds press conference to give out details )” , 12 May 2020 https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oK7wQe7UiVza-6kUCm-gxw

[5] People’s Republic of China, National Health Commission “中小学校新冠肺炎疫情防控技术方案(Technical scheme for COVID-19 Prevention and Control in Primary and Secondary Schools)” 8 May 2020, http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s5898bm/202005/717fd91eb85441dca4e49bc8200b45b8.shtml,
 
[6] Chen, Yuzhu, Li Yu, “廣州首批返校師生將全部接受核酸檢測” (first group of teachers and students returning to campus will all be tested for COVID-19), People’s Daily, Guangdong section, GD.people.com  http://gd.people.com.cn/BIG5/n2/2020/0420/c123932-33962438.html
[7] Jilin City Education Bureau, “我市强化城区教育教学活动管控措施 _ 即日起禁止校内外所有聚集性活动 (The city strengthens management and control measures of education and teaching activities in urban areas _ Immediately prohibit all gathering activities inside and outside the school), 24 April 2020, http://edu.jlcity.gov.cn/jyzx/jyyw/202004/t20200424_772227.html
[8] Jilin Provincial Government official WeChat account (吉林发布)”舒兰市疫情防控情况通报 (Report on Shulan City’s epidemic prevention and control status)” 10 May 2020 https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/esf5rqDWVVbUFv2FQOIMVw
[9] Suzhou Municipal Government, “两所在苏高校确认开学消息” ,(Two Suzhou based higher education institutions confirms commencement plan) 15 April 2020, http://www.suzhou.gov.cn/szsrmzf/szyw/202004/94ec478e147044b39d72e61ed88e4f4e.shtml
[10] People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, “关于2020年全国高考时间安排的公告 (Announcement on the schedule of 2020 National College Entrance Exam)”, 31 March 2020, http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/202003/t20200331_436662.html
[11] TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language), GRE (General Records Examinations), IELTS (International English Language Testing Service)
[12] Cai, Xuejiao. “Chinese Students Worried Over Foreign University Deadlines.” Sixth Tone, 19 Feb. 2020, www.sixthtone.com/news/1005208/chinese-students-worried-over-foreign-university-deadlines.
[13] People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, “教育部应对新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情工作领导小组办公室关于在疫情防控期间做好普通高等学校在线教学组织与管理工作的指导意见” (Guiding Opinions of the MoE’s leading group on responding to the COVID-19 outbreak on the management of higher education online education during the epidemic outbreak period), 24 February 2020, http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A08/s7056/202002/t20200205_418138.html
[14] People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, “MOE issues instructions for deployment of HEI online teaching” , 7 February 2020, http://en.moe.gov.cn/news/press_releases/202002/t20200208_419136.html
[15] People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, “中国教育概况1—2018年全国教育事业发展情况” (China Education Overview – 2018 National Education Development), 29 September 2019, http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/s5990/201909/t20190929_401639.html; People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, “1454所高校在线开学!教育部将启动高校在线教学英文版国际平台建设项目” (1454 colleges and universities start online! The Ministry of Education will start the construction of an international platform for online teaching of English in universities) , 10 February 2020, https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/TX0hb_FUtGGomtZKFX8FJQ
[16] http://ykt.eduyun.cn/
[17] People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education Official Wechat account “疫情期间国家中小学网络云平台浏览次数超20亿,这场发布会详解中小学线上教学情况“ (National cloud learning platform for primary and secondary school viewed over 2 billion times, this press conference gives out details)” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/RqztvCSY-FfIzD3M4cENrA,14 May 2020
[18] People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, “工业和信息化部办公厅关于进一步做好新冠肺炎疫情防控期间宽带网络助教助学工作的通知” (Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on further strengthen broad band network to support online learning during COVID-19 outbreak period) , 3 March 2020, http://www.miit.gov.cn/n1146295/n1652858/n1652930/n3757016/c7761574/content.html
[19] Liang, Jun. “China to Promote IT Application in School Education.” People.cn, 16 Mar. 2020, en.people.cn/n3/2020/0316/c90000-9668812.html.
[20] Liu, Yu. “辽宁:确保大学生在线学习“一个都不能少” (Liaoning: to ensure every university student can access online learning)
.” JYB.cn, 31 Mar. 2020, http://www.jyb.cn/rmtzcg/xwy/wzxw/202003/t20200331_312627.html.
[21] Distance Learning Solutions. UNESCO, 13 Mar. 2020, en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/solutions.
[22] Zhao, Wenhan, editor. “我国高校将为各国大学生提供线上课程.” (China to provide online education for university students around the world)10 Apr. 2020, www.xinhuanet.com/2020-04/10/c_1125839976.htm.
[23] Chinese Service Center for Scholarly Exchange. “关于新冠肺炎疫情影响下留学归国人员学位认证工作的几点说明.” (A few notes on verification service for foreign degree qualification of returning students influenced by COVID-19 pandemic) CSCSE.edu.cn, 3 Apr. 2020, www.cscse.edu.cn/publish/portal0/tab38/info16162.htm.
[24] Study Abroad Safety (平安留学) Wechat account “国务院新闻办公室就疫情期间中国海外留学人员安全问题举行发布会(The State Council Information Office holds press conference on safety of Chinese students abroad during pandemic period)” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/1UPDIZYrAMh4RdkUp4Fvuw, 2 April 2020
[25] Civil Aviation Administration of China, “Notice on Further Reducing International Passenger Flights during the Epidemic Prevention and Control Period”, 26 March 2020, http://www.caac.gov.cn/en/XWZX/202003/t20200326_201748.html
[26] Chen Xiaoli, “16 charter planes sent to bring back Chinese nationals from virus-hit countries”, 15 April 2020, https://www.shine.cn/news/nation/2004156340/
[27]  “Cancellation of CIEET 2020, China International Education Exhibition Tour”, China International Education Exhibition Tour, 20 Feb. 2020, www.cieet.com/cieet/379797/380257/403026/index.html.
[28] People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, “关乎疫情当下高校毕业生就业问题,这场发布会有重要信息” (This press conference contains important information on graduate employment in the current pandemic outbreak) , 28 February 2020, https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/imBdoIt2hLEzMzZdMS78Qg
[29] Public institutions in China across areas such as basic education, health and social services have government mandated quotas each year for new recruits.
[30] This is a pathway for college graduates (including higher vocational education and specialized higher education) to pursue a bachelor’s degree.  Students usually spends 3 years in college and 2 years in the institution that offer bachelor degree qualification.
[31] “MOE introduces measures stepping up efforts to support higher education graduate employment” ,13 March 2020, http://en.moe.gov.cn/news/press_releases/202003/t20200313_430542.html
[32] “关于认真做好2020届本科生 毕业论文(设计)答辩工作的通知”(Notice on conducting thesis (design) defence for undergraduate graduates of 2020). Undergraduate College of Wuhan University, 8 Apr. 2020, ugs.whu.edu.cn/info/1039/8967.htm.
[33] People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Education, “教育部启动实施全国高校与湖北高校毕业生就业创业工作“一帮一”行动” ,(Ministry of Education to initiate the implementation of One-on-one Employment and Entrepreneurship Support Action Plan) 15 April 2020, http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202004/t20200415_443553.html
[34] People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, “四部门:免费开放线上职业技能培训资源支持劳动者线上培训” ,(Four ministries: open up online vocational education resources for free to support workers receive online training) 7 February 2020, http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/dongtaixinwen/buneiyaowen/202002/t20200207_358247.html
[35] People’s Republic of China ,Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security “中国职业培训在线注册会员突破100万 ”(more than 1 million users register for “China Vocational Training Online”), 26 April 2020 http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/rdzt/zyjntsxd/zyjntsxd_xdal/202004/t20200426_366493.html
 
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